References

A, A. A. et al. (2023). Health literacy in ethiopia: Evidence synthesis and implications. Journal Of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.
A, B. (2014). Agent-based modeling of malaria vectors: The importance of spatial simulation. Parasites & Vectors.
A, B. et al. (2025a). Preliminary effectiveness and feasibility of ASHA-led mobile health intervention for diabetes care in indian primary health care settings. Scientific Reports.
A, C. et al. (2016). Managing ethical challenges to mental health research in post-conflict settings. Developing World Bioethics.
A, D. C. et al. (2025). Methodological standards for conducting high-quality systematic reviews. Biology.
A, F. (2022). Ethical issues in conducting cross-cultural research in low-income countries: A pakistani perspective. Asian Bioethics Review.
A, F. et al. (2025b). A pilot cluster-controlled trial of interventions to improve detection of depression in primary healthcare in ethiopia. Bmc Medicine.
A, G. et al. (2022). The african health initiative’s role in advancing the use of embedded implementation research for health systems strengthening. Global Health, Science And Practice.
A, J.-G. et al. (2025). Approaches to ensure quality of information provision and consent processes for vaccine clinical trial participation in sub-saharan africa: A scoping review. Clinical Trials (London, England).
A, K. (2021). Integrating traditional medicine and healing into the ghanaian mainstream health system: Voices from within. Qualitative Health Research.
A, M. et al. (2018). Overcoming challenges in recruitment of south asians for health disparities research in the USA. Journal Of Racial And Ethnic Health Disparities.
A, M. et al. (2021). Effects of implementing universal and rapid HIV treatment on initiation of antiretroviral therapy and retention in care in zambia: A natural experiment using regression discontinuity. The Lancet. Hiv.
A, M. et al. (2023). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 7: Qualitative evidence synthesis for emerging themes in primary care research: Scoping review, meta-ethnography and rapid realist review. The European Journal Of General Practice.
A, M. et al. (2024). Implementation of mobile-health technology is associated with five-year survival among individuals in rural areas of indonesia. Plos Digital Health.
A, M. et al. (2025c). Sustainability of health system strengthening interventions implemented at primary healthcare level: A scoping review. Bmj Open.
A, P. et al. (2019). Enhanced peer-review for optimising publication of biomedical papers submitted from low- and middle-income countries: Feasibility study for a randomised controlled trial. Bjpsych Open.
A, R. A. et al. (2022). A comparison of rural-urban differences in out-of-pocket expenses among older mexicans with diabetes. Frontiers In Public Health.
A, S. et al. (2022). Open access and its potential impact on public health - a south african perspective. Frontiers In Research Metrics And Analytics.
A, W. et al. (2025). Changes in the prevalence of antimalarial partner drug resistance markers and policy in 6 sub-saharan african countries from 2000 to 2021: A systematic review. Open Forum Infectious Diseases.
A, W.-S. et al. (2021). Assessment of the feasibility, acceptability, and impact of implementing seasonal malaria chemoprevention in nampula province, mozambique: Protocol for a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study. Jmir Research Protocols.
A, Z. et al. (2019). Estimating HIV and HCV prevalence among people who inject drugs in 5 ukrainian cities using stratification-based respondent driven and random sampling. The International Journal On Drug Policy.
AA, A. et al. (2023). Study design and protocol of a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial using a practical implementation strategy as a model for hypertension-HIV integration - the MAP-IT trial. Implementation Science.
AA, B. et al. (2024). Collecting and reporting adverse events in low-income settings-perspectives from vaccine trials in the gambia. Trials.
AA, H. et al. (2014). The ethics of health systems research in low- and middle-income countries: A call to action. Global Public Health.
Abimbola, S. et al. (2020). Will global health survive its decolonisation? Lancet (London, England), 396(10263), 1627–1628.
AJ, H. et al. (2022). Five-year retention of volunteer community health workers in rural uganda: A population-based retrospective cohort. Health Policy And Planning.
AM, P. (2016). Scientific posters: A plea from a conference attendee. American Journal Of Pharmaceutical Education.
AM, U. et al. (2022). Cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 vaccination in low- and middle-income countries. Journal Of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.
Amrhein, V. et al. (2019). Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Nature, 567(7748), 305–307.
Anand, Arpita and Chowdhary, Neerja and Dimidjian, Sona and Patel, Vikram. (2013). Healthy Activity Program.
AO, A. et al. (2025a). Co-creating systems change for mental health: A theory of change approach from the MeHPriC initiative in lagos, nigeria. Implementation Science Communications.
AO, A. et al. (2025b). Co-creating systems change for mental health: A theory of change approach from the MeHPriC initiative in lagos, nigeria. Implementation Science Communications.
AP, K. et al. (2024). Feasibility of prevention of type 2 diabetes in low- and middle-income countries. Diabetologia.
AP, S. et al. (2025). Evaluating implementation preparedness for suicide screening and referral in a nepali emergency department: A mixed-methods study. Implementation Research And Practice.
AR, G. et al. (2017). Building the evidence base for remote data collection in low- and middle-income countries: Comparing reliability and accuracy across survey modalities. Journal Of Medical Internet Research.
AS, S.-Y. et al. (2022). Randomised controlled trials on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diabetes in african countries: A systematic review. Bmj Open.
AW, M. et al. (2024). Training community health volunteers to use mobile platform during the COVID-19 pandemic: The kenya experience. Global Mental Health (Cambridge, England).
AW, T. et al. (2021). Evaluation of implementation and effectiveness of digital adherence technology with differentiated care to support tuberculosis treatment adherence and improve treatment outcomes in ethiopia: A study protocol for a cluster randomised trial. Bmc Infectious Diseases.
AZ, A. et al. (2024). Magnitude and determinants of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding at six weeks postpartum: Evidence from the PMA ethiopia longitudinal survey. International Breastfeeding Journal.
B, B. et al. (2022). Loss to follow-up in "test and treat era" and its predictors among HIV-positive adults receiving ART in northwest ethiopia: Institution-based cohort study. Frontiers In Public Health.
B, C. et al. (2021). A systematic review of factors influencing participation in two types of malaria prevention intervention in southeast asia. Malaria Journal.
B, G. et al. (2022). The prevalence of tuberculosis and malaria in minority indigenous populations of south- east asia and the western pacific region: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens And Global Health.
B, G. et al. (2024). Barriers to global engagement for african researchers: A position paper from the alliance for medical research in africa (AMedRA). Journal Of Global Health.
B, T. et al. (2019). Experiences of capacity strengthening in sanitation and hygiene research in africa and asia: The SHARE research consortium. Health Research Policy And Systems.
BA, B. et al. (2025). Birth pattern seasonality in ethiopia: Evidence from national demographic and health survey data from 2000 to 2019. Women’S Health Reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.).
Baker, M. (2015). First results from psychology’s largest reproducibility test. Nature.
Barnard-Mayers, R. et al. (2022). A case study and proposal for publishing directed acyclic graphs: The effectiveness of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in perinatally HIV infected girls. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 144, 127–135.
Bauer, M. S. et al. (2020). Implementation science: What is it and why should I care? Psychiatry Research, 283, 112376.
Beck, A. T. et al. (1988). Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77–100.
Beck, A. T. et al. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. Psychological Corporation.
Begley, C. G. et al. (2012). Raise standards for preclinical cancer research. Nature.
Bem, D. J. (2011). Feeling the future: Experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognition and affect. 100, 407–425.
Benjamin, D. J. et al. (2018). Redefine statistical significance. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(1), 6–10.
Bennett, L. M. et al. (2018). Collaboration team science: Field guide. US Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
Bezuidenhout, L. (2025). Critically unpacking the concept of equity for open science. Social Epistemology.
BH, W. et al. (2020). Implementation outcomes and strategies for depression interventions in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Global Mental Health (Cambridge, England).
Bhatt, N. et al. (2021). Perceptions of family planning services and its key barriers among adolescents and young people in eastern nepal: A qualitative study. PloS One, 16(5), e0252184.
Boer M, de et al. (2025). Measuring feasibility: Complex questions need complex tools. Bmj Global Health.
Boyle, P. (2021). How are COVID-19 deaths counted? It’s complicated.
BS, H. et al. (2021). Generating evidence from contextual clinical research in low- to middle income countries: A roadmap based on theory of change. Frontiers In Pediatrics.
BT, S. et al. (2021). Exploring spatial variations and determinants of dietary diversity among children in ethiopia: Spatial and multilevel analysis using EDHS (2011-2016). Journal Of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.
BZ, W. et al. (2022). Incidence and predictors of opportunistic infections in adolescents and adults after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy: A 10-year retrospective cohort study in ethiopia. Frontiers In Public Health.
C, B. et al. (2020a). Addressing power imbalances in global health: Pre-publication support services (PREPSS) for authors in low-income and middle-income countries. Bmj Global Health.
C, B. et al. (2025a). Stakeholder engagement to co-design implementation strategies for integrating depression management into HIV care services in senegal. Implementation Science Communications.
C, H. et al. (2020b). Use of interrupted time series methods in the evaluation of health system quality improvement interventions: A methodological systematic review. Bmj Global Health.
C, H. et al. (2025b). Psychotropic medication consumption before and after onset of COVID-19 pandemic in 91 countries and regions: A time-series analysis. The Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific.
C, K. et al. (2018). A research utilisation framework for informing global health and development policies and programmes. Health Research Policy And Systems.
C, K. et al. (2024). Effectiveness of de-implementation of low-value healthcare practices: An overview of systematic reviews. Implementation Science.
C, M. et al. (2024). Expanding xpert MTB/RIF ultra® and LF-LAM testing for diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV-positive adults admitted to hospitals in tanzania and mozambique: A randomized controlled trial (the EXULTANT trial). Bmc Infectious Diseases.
C, N. et al. (2024). A pilot study to explore utility of electronic informed consent in a low- income setting; the case of a controlled human infection study in blantyre, malawi. Wellcome Open Research.
C, O.-U. et al. (2025). Advancing sustainability in low-resource settings: Development and validation of a sustainability tool for evidence-based interventions and programs. Frontiers In Health Services.
C, S. et al. (2019a). Economic impact of introducing the RTS,s malaria vaccine: Cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis in 41 countries. Mdm Policy & Practice.
C, S. et al. (2019b). Economic impact of introducing the RTS,s malaria vaccine: Cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis in 41 countries. Mdm Policy & Practice.
Calin-Jageman, R. J. et al. (2019). The New Statistics for Better Science: Ask How Much, How Uncertain, and What Else Is Known. The American Statistician, 73(sup1), 271–280.
Campbell, D. T. (1969). Reforms as experiments. American Psychologist, 24(4), 409.
Campbell, W. C. (n.d.). Nobel lecture.
Campos M, C. T. de et al. (2025). Violence experienced by women, their mental health status, and determinants in favelas under the pandemic COVID-19 in brazil. Bmc Women’S Health.
Catley, D. et al. (2022). Evaluation of an adapted version of the diabetes prevention program for low- and middle-income countries: A cluster randomized trial to evaluate “lifestyle africa” in south africa. Plos Medicine.
CBT, R. et al. (2021). A phenomenological investigation of patients’ experiences during direct observation in residency: Busting the myth of the fly on the wall. Advances In Health Sciences Education.
CC, F. et al. (2015). Research designs for intervention research with small samples II: Stepped wedge and interrupted time-series designs. Prevention Science.
CDC. (2020). Reporting and Coding Deaths Due to COVID-19.
CE, M. (2018). Understanding the use of composite endpoints in clinical trials. The Western Journal Of Emergency Medicine.
CG, K. et al. (2023). Implementation measurement in global mental health: Results from a modified delphi panel and investigator survey. Global Mental Health (Cambridge, England).
CH, H. et al. (2018). Sensitivity and specificity of suspected case definition used during west africa ebola epidemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases.
Chambers, C. D. et al. (2021). The past, present and future of registered reports. Nature Human Behaviour.
Chowdhary, N. et al. (2016). The healthy activity program lay counsellor delivered treatment for severe depression in india: Systematic development and randomised evaluation. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(4), 381–388.
CL, L. et al. (2025). Adolescents as co-designers: How youth perspectives can shape the foundation for mental health interventions in northern ghana. Research Square.
CL, P. et al. (2017). Implementation challenges and outcomes of a randomized controlled pilot study of a group prenatal care model in malawi and tanzania. International Journal Of Gynaecology And Obstetrics.
CM, G. et al. (2021). Effects of a water, sanitation, and hygiene mobile health program on diarrhea and child growth in bangladesh: A cluster-randomized controlled trial of the cholera hospital-based intervention for 7 days (CHoBI7) mobile health program. Clinical Infectious Diseases.
CM, S. et al. (2024). Determining an appropriate sample size for qualitative interviews to achieve true and near code saturation: Secondary analysis of data. Journal Of Medical Internet Research.
CNN Wire. (2015). New study suggests coffee could literally be a lifesaver.
Costello, A. et al. (2000). Moving to research partnerships in developing countries. Bmj, 321(7264), 827–829.
CR, M. et al. (2023). Community violence in neighborhoods and common mental disorders among brazilian adolescents. Bmc Psychiatry.
Cronbach, L. J. et al. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281.
Cronbach, L. J. (1982). Designing evaluations of educational and social programs. Jossey-Bass.
CS, H. et al. (2014). Assessing the impact of mHealth interventions in low- and middle-income countries–what has been shown to work? Global Health Action.
CSL, S. et al. (2022). What is the utility of posters? Qualitative study of participants at a regional primary healthcare conference in asia. Medical Science Educator.
CT, L. et al. (2025). Implementation strategies to integrate HIV and hypertension care in kampala and wakiso districts, uganda: Study protocol for a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial (PULESA-uganda). Bmc Health Services Research.
Cunningham, S. (2020). Causal inference: The mixtape. Yale University Press.
D, B. et al. (2015). Feeling the future: A meta-analysis of 90 experiments on the anomalous anticipation of random future events. F1000Research.
D, D. et al. (2025). Development, psychometric testing and cross-cultural adaptation of a new tool to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice of caregivers on oral healthcare of older people among hindi speaking north indian population. Journal Of Oral Biology And Craniofacial Research.
D, F. et al. (2022a). Rural-urban differences in diabetes care and control in 42 low- and middle-income countries: A cross-sectional study of nationally representative individual-level data. Diabetes Care.
D, F. et al. (2022b). Rural-urban differences in diabetes care and control in 42 low- and middle-income countries: A cross-sectional study of nationally representative individual-level data. Diabetes Care.
D, H. et al. (2023). Optimising scale-up for public health impact: A multimethod implementation science research protocol to improve infant health outcomes in ethiopia. Bmj Open.
D, I.-W. et al. (2024). Engaging community health workers (CHWs) in africa: Lessons from the canadian red cross supported programs. Plos Global Public Health.
D, M. et al. (2023). Integrated malaria prevention in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Malaria Journal.
D, M.-M. et al. (2020). Effectiveness of community health workers in improving early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding rates in a low-resource setting: A cluster-randomized longitudinal study. Food Science & Nutrition.
D, S. et al. (2014). "Someone like us": Delivering maternal mental health through peers in two south asian contexts. Journal Of Affective Disorders.
D, V. et al. (2020). Money down the drain: Predatory publishing in the COVID-19 era. Canadian Journal Of Public Health = Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique.
DA, F. et al. (2018). Negative effects of "predatory" journals on global health research. Annals Of Global Health.
Dadonaite, B. (2019). Oral rehydration therapy: A low-tech solution that has saved millions of lives. In Our World in Data.
DHS. (n.d.). Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program.
Dienes, Z. (2008). Understanding psychology as a science: An introduction to scientific and statistical inference. Macmillan International Higher Education.
Ding, M. et al. (2015). Association of coffee consumption with total and cause-specific mortality in 3 large prospective cohorts. Circulation, 132(24), 2305–2315.
DJ, B. et al. (2009). How we design feasibility studies. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine.
DJ, B. et al. (2025). The persistence of failure in water, sanitation and hygiene programming: A qualitative study. Bmj Global Health.
DR, T. et al. (2020). Gridded population survey sampling: A systematic scoping review of the field and strategic research agenda. International Journal Of Health Geographics.
DS, W. (2017). The ethics of research in lower income countries: Double standards are not the problem. The Journal Of Clinical Ethics.
DS, Y. et al. (2020). What can be learned from growth mindset controversies? The American Psychologist.
E, A. et al. (2024). Systematic review of tools and approaches for evaluating the transferability of health technology assessments across different jurisdictions. International Journal Of Health Policy And Management.
E, C. et al. (2009). Role of matching in case-control studies of antimicrobial resistance. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology.
E, G. et al. (2016). Large-scale implementation of disease control programmes: A cost-effectiveness analysis of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net distribution channels in a malaria-endemic area of western kenya-a study protocol. Bmj Open.
E, L.-B. et al. (2024a). Challenges in institutional ethical review process and approval for international multicenter clinical studies in lower and middle-income countries: The case of PARITY study. Frontiers In Pediatrics.
E, L.-B. et al. (2024b). Challenges in institutional ethical review process and approval for international multicenter clinical studies in lower and middle-income countries: The case of PARITY study. Frontiers In Pediatrics.
E, M.-W. et al. (2021). Evaluating implementation of the transparency and openness promotion (TOP) guidelines: The TRUST process for rating journal policies, procedures, and practices. Research Integrity And Peer Review.
EA, C. et al. (2013). Successful polio eradication in uttar pradesh, india: The pivotal contribution of the social mobilization network, an NGO/UNICEF collaboration. Global Health, Science And Practice.
EV, L. et al. (2019). Using rapid reviews to strengthen health policy and systems and progress towards universal health coverage. Bmj Global Health.
EY, L. et al. (2021). A phenomenological study on the experiences of patient transfer from the intensive care unit to general wards. Plos One.
F, D. et al. (2019). Risk factors associated with the recent cholera outbreak in yemen: A case-control study. Epidemiology And Health.
F, E.-J. et al. (2012). Use of health systems and policy research evidence in the health policymaking in eastern mediterranean countries: Views and practices of researchers. Implementation Science.
F, J. et al. (2022). Evaluation of community health worker’s performance at home-based newborn assessment supported by mHealth in rural bangladesh. Bmc Pediatrics.
F, M. et al. (2019). Implementing the protocol of a pilot randomized controlled trial for the recovery-oriented intervention to people with psychoses in two latin american cities. Cadernos De Saude Publica.
F, R. et al. (2022a). Participation of lower and upper middle-income countries in clinical trials led by high-income countries. Jama Network Open.
F, R. et al. (2022b). Participation of lower and upper middle-income countries in clinical trials led by high-income countries. Jama Network Open.
F, S. et al. (2025). Experiences of health research data sharing among researchers in sub-saharan africa: Cross-sectional study. Jmir Formative Research.
FC, Z. (2015). The implication of using NVivo software in qualitative data analysis: Evidence-based reflections. Malawi Medical Journal.
FH, A. et al. (2022). Trends and effects of antiretroviral therapy coverage during pregnancy on mother-to-child transmission of HIV in sub-saharan africa. Evidence from panel data analysis. Bmc Infectious Diseases.
Flake, J. K. et al. (2017). Construct validation in social and personality research: Current practice and recommendations. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(4), 370–378.
Flake, J. K. et al. (2020). Measurement schmeasurement: Questionable measurement practices and how to avoid them. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 3(4), 456–465.
Flake, J. K. et al. (2022). Construct validity and the validity of replication studies: A systematic review. American Psychologist, 77(4), 576.
Flora, D. B. et al. (2017). The purpose and practice of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in psychological research: Decisions for scale development and validation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 49(2), 78.
FM, D. et al. (2019). Using electronic tablets for data collection for healthcare service and maternal health assessments in low resource settings: Lessons learnt. Bmc Health Services Research.
Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007. (n.d.). Pub. L. No. 110-85, 121 Stat. 904 (2007).
Fox, M. P. et al. (2022). On the need to revitalize descriptive epidemiology. American Journal of Epidemiology.
G, O. et al. (2019). Scaling-up PrEP delivery in sub-saharan africa: What can we learn from the scale-up of ART? Current Hiv/Aids Reports.
G, V. et al. (2022). A comparison of four quasi-experimental methods: An analysis of the introduction of activity-based funding in ireland. Bmc Health Services Research.
G, Y. (2012). What are the barriers to scaling up health interventions in low and middle income countries? A qualitative study of academic leaders in implementation science. Globalization And Health.
G, Z. et al. (2021). Health system influences on the implementation of tuberculosis infection prevention and control at health facilities in low-income and middle-income countries: A scoping review. Bmj Global Health.
Gelman, A. (2015). What’s the most important thing in statistics that’s not in the textbooks?
Gelman, A. et al. (2020). Regression and other stories. Cambridge University Press.
Green, E. P. et al. (2018). Developing and validating a perinatal depression screening tool in kenya blending western criteria with local idioms: A mixed methods study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 228, 49–59.
Groot R, de et al. (2024). Implementing findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable (FAIR) principles in child and adolescent mental health research: Mixed methods approach. Jmir Mental Health.
H, B. et al. (2023). People living with HIV and AIDS: Experiences towards antiretroviral therapy, paradigm changes, coping, stigma, and discrimination-a grounded theory study. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health.
H, M. et al. (2018). The psychological science accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances In Methods And Practices In Psychological Science.
H, N. et al. (2020). Evaluation of global health capacity building initiatives in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Journal Of Global Health.
H, P. et al. (2012). Priming of social distance? Failure to replicate effects on social and food judgments. Plos One.
H, R. et al. (2025). Characterizing modifications to the mental health gap action programme (mhGAP) intervention guide during implementation in low- and middle-income countries using the framework for reporting adaptations and modifications to evidence-based interventions: A systematic review of reviews. International Journal Of Mental Health Systems.
HA, B. et al. (2024). The acceptability, engagement, and feasibility of mental health apps for marginalized and underserved young people: Systematic review and qualitative study. Journal Of Medical Internet Research.
HA, P. et al. (2021). A comparison of the effectiveness of respondent-driven and venue-based sampling for identifying undiagnosed HIV infection among cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women in tijuana, mexico. Journal Of The International Aids Society.
Haber, N. et al. (2018). Causal language and strength of inference in academic and media articles shared in social media (CLAIMS): A systematic review. PloS One, 13(5), e0196346.
Hay, S. I. et al. (2023). Conflicting COVID-19 excess mortality estimates – Authors’ reply. The Lancet, 401(10375), 433–434.
HC, K. et al. (2022). eHealth or e-chaos: The use of digital health interventions for health systems strengthening in sub-saharan africa over the last 10 years: A scoping review. Journal Of Global Health.
Head, M. L. et al. (2015). The extent and consequences of p-hacking in science. Plos Biology.
Heiss, A. (2020a). Causal inference. In R for political data science (pp. 235–273). Chapman; Hall/CRC.
Heiss, A. (2020b). Ways to close backdoors in DAGs.
Hernán, M. A. (2018). The c-word: Scientific euphemisms do not improve causal inference from observational data. American Journal of Public Health, 108(5), 616–619.
Hirsch, L. A. (2021). Is it possible to decolonise global health institutions? Lancet, 397(10270), 189–190.
HJ, O. et al. (2022a). Increasing challenges of malaria control in sub-saharan africa: Priorities for public health research and policymakers. Annals Of Medicine And Surgery (2012).
HJ, O. et al. (2022b). Increasing challenges of malaria control in sub-saharan africa: Priorities for public health research and policymakers. Annals Of Medicine And Surgery (2012).
HK, C. et al. (2024). Implementation pilot study of community self-testing for COVID-19 among employees of manufacturing industries and their household members in 2022 to 2023. Plos Global Public Health.
HM, C. et al. (2022). Strengthening research capacity through an intensive training program for biomedical investigators from low- and middle-income countries: The vanderbilt institute for research development and ethics (VIRDE). Bmc Medical Education.
Hodgins, S. et al. (2025). Comparing apples with apples: A proposed taxonomy for “community health workers” and other front-line health workers for international comparisons. Plos Global Public Health.
Hogan, M. C. et al. (2010). Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: A systematic analysis of progress towards millennium development goal 5. The Lancet, 375(9726), 1609–1623.
Holland, P. W. (1986). Statistics and causal inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81(396), 945–960.
Holst, J. (2020). Global health–emergence, hegemonic trends and biomedical reductionism. Globalization and Health, 16(1), 1–11.
Hopewell, S. et al. (2025). CONSORT 2025 statement: Updated guideline for reporting randomized trials. Nature Medicine.
Hulley, S. et al. (2007). Getting started: The anatomy and physiology of clinical research (S. Hulley et al., Eds.; Third, pp. 3–15). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Huntington-Klein, N. (2021). The effect: An introduction to research design and causality. Chapman; Hall/CRC.
I, C. et al. (2024). Outcomes from a zoonotic disease prioritization workshop using one health approach in mozambique, 2018 to 2023. One Health Outlook.
I, S. et al. (2025). Characteristics of longitudinal maternal health studies in sub-saharan africa: A systematic mapping of literature between 2012 and 2022. International Journal Of Gynaecology And Obstetrics.
ICMJE. (n.d.). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly work in Medical Journals.
IHME. (n.d.). COVID-19 Projections. In Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.
II, E. et al. (2023). Acceptability of a community-embedded intervention for improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health in south-east nigeria: A qualitative study. Plos One.
Ii, Y. B. et al. (2018). Advancing equitable global health research partnerships in Africa. BMJ Global Health, 3(4), e000868.
IM, B. et al. (2021). Implementation of mobile phone data collection in the conduct EPI comprehensive review in east and southern african countries. Journal Of Immunological Sciences.
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. Plos Medicine.
IR, M. et al. (2021). Twenty years of integrated disease surveillance and response in sub-saharan africa: Challenges and opportunities for effective management of infectious disease epidemics. One Health Outlook.
IS, D. et al. (2024). Ethical considerations for genetic research in low-income countries: Perceptions of informed consent, data sharing, and expectations in nicaragua. European Journal Of Human Genetics.
Israel, B. A. et al. (1998). Review of community-based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annual Review of Public Health, 19(1), 173–202.
J, A. R. et al. (2025). From research to real-life implementation: An evaluation of the scale up of a guided digital mental health intervention in lebanon: Step-by-step. Frontiers In Public Health.
J, B.-C. et al. (2017). Scaling up a water, sanitation, and hygiene program in rural bangladesh: The role of program implementation. American Journal Of Public Health.
J, C. et al. (2023). Framework for determining the optimal course of action when efficiency and affordability measures differ by perspective in cost-effectiveness analysis-with an illustrative case of HIV treatment in mozambique. Cost Effectiveness And Resource Allocation.
J, J. et al. (2022). Benefits of realist evaluation for rapidly changing health service delivery. Bmj Open.
J, K. et al. (2017). Implementing a global health qualitative research study: Experiences of a project coordinator in uganda. The East African Health Research Journal.
J, M. et al. (2012). Data integrity module for data quality assurance within an e-health system in sub-saharan africa. Telemedicine Journal And E-Health.
J, P. et al. (2025). Evaluating implementation research outcomes for a task-sharing mental health intervention: A systematic review of the friendship bench. Global Mental Health (Cambridge, England).
J, R. et al. (2025). Knowledge transfer interventions on cancer in africa and asia: A scoping review. Bmc Cancer.
J, T. et al. (2025). The evolving field of digital mental health: Current evidence and implementation issues for smartphone apps, generative artificial intelligence, and virtual reality. World Psychiatry.
J, U. et al. (2017). Impact of mobile phone-based technology to improve health, population and nutrition services in rural bangladesh: A study protocol. Bmc Medical Informatics And Decision Making.
JA, F.-N. et al. (2025). A multi-country comparison between mobile phone surveys and face-to-face household surveys to estimate the prevalence of non-communicable diseases behavioural risk factors in low- and middle-income settings. Bmj Global Health.
JAK, A. et al. (2024). Public health surveillance through community health workers: A scoping review of evidence from 25 low-income and middle-income countries. Bmj Open.
Jaroudi, S. et al. (2017). Vitamin d supplementation and cancer risk. JAMA, 318(3), 299–299.
JD, C. et al. (2022). Evaluation of an on-site sanitation intervention against childhood diarrhea and acute respiratory infection 1 to 3.5 years after implementation: Extended follow-up of a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural bangladesh. Plos Medicine.
JD, N. et al. (2013). Exploring the impact of targeted distribution of free bed nets on households bed net ownership, socio-economic disparities and childhood malaria infection rates: Analysis of national malaria survey data from three sub-saharan africa countries. Malaria Journal.
JE, H. et al. (2021). Effect of SMS reminders on PrEP adherence in young kenyan women (MPYA study): A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Hiv.
JH, L. et al. (2017). Challenges to ego-depletion research go beyond the replication crisis: A need for tackling the conceptual crisis. Frontiers In Psychology.
JK, B. et al. (2024). Development and pilot test of a multi-component intervention to support women’s recovery from female genital fistula. International Urogynecology Journal.
JL, B. et al. (2022). Case studies from the experience of early career researchers in east africa in building community engagement in research. Aas Open Research.
JM, M. et al. (2014). Preparing for the scale-up of rotavirus vaccine introduction in africa: Establishing surveillance platforms to monitor disease burden and vaccine impact. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal.
JP, I. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. Plos Medicine.
Jr, B. M. et al. (2013). Cultural adaptations of behavioral health interventions: A progress report. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology.
Jr, G. J. et al. (2017). Implementation and results of an integrated data quality assurance protocol in a randomized controlled trial in uttar pradesh, india. Trials.
JW, M. et al. (2024). Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis implementation in south africa: A case study of USAID-supported programs. Frontiers In Reproductive Health.
K, B. et al. (2024). Acceptability and feasibility of a brief intervention to enhance resilience among young people and their families in india and kenya. Global Mental Health (Cambridge, England).
K, C. et al. (2024). Acceptability of HPV vaccination for cervical cancer prevention amongst emerging adult women in rural mysore, india: A mixed-methods study. Bmc Public Health.
K, N. et al. (2019). Improving survival with tuberculosis & HIV treatment integration: A mini-review. The Indian Journal Of Medical Research.
K, S. et al. (2016). Effectiveness of oral cholera vaccine in haiti: 37-month follow-up. The American Journal Of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene.
K, S. et al. (2021). Cost-effectiveness of interventions to improve maternal, newborn and child health outcomes: A WHO-CHOICE analysis for eastern sub-saharan africa and south-east asia. International Journal Of Health Policy And Management.
K, V. et al. (2019). The costs of delivering vaccines in low- and middle-income countries: Findings from a systematic review. Vaccine.
Karyotaki, E. et al. (2022). Association of task-shared psychological interventions with depression outcomes in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry.
Katz, E. et al. (2023). Rethinking global health from south and north: A social medicine approach to global health education. Global Public Health.
KC, S. et al. (2018). Contact tracing performance during the ebola epidemic in liberia, 2014-2015. Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases.
KE, E. et al. (2022). Economic evaluations of maternal health interventions: A scoping review. F1000Research.
King, G. et al. (2021). Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research, New Edition. Princeton University Press.
Klaschinski, L. et al. (2017). Benefits of power posing: Effects on dominance and social sensitivity. Comprehensive Results In Social Psychology.
KM, S. et al. (2022). The "family health = family wealth" intervention: Study protocol for a pilot quasi-experimental controlled trial of a multi-level, community-based family planning intervention for couples in rural uganda. Pilot And Feasibility Studies.
KM, S.-U.-R. et al. (2022). Participatory approaches in primary health care related implementation research in low-and middle-income countries: A narrative review. Public Health In Practice (Oxford, England).
Kohrt, B. A. et al. (2011). Validation of cross-cultural child mental health and psychosocial research instruments: Adapting the depression self-rating scale and child PTSD symptom scale in nepal. BMC Psychiatry, 11(1), 1.
Koplan, J. P. et al. (2009). Towards a common definition of global health. The Lancet, 373(9679), 1993–1995.
KP, S. et al. (2022). Global healthcare fairness: We should be sharing more, not less, data. Plos Digital Health.
KR, A. et al. (2024). Community engagement approaches for malaria prevention, control and elimination: A scoping review. Bmj Open.
KR, T. et al. (2018). A peer-support lifestyle intervention for preventing type 2 diabetes in india: A cluster-randomized controlled trial of the kerala diabetes prevention program. Plos Medicine.
Kroenke, K. et al. (2002). The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatric Annals, 32(9), 509–515.
Kruk, M. E. et al. (2016). Transforming Global Health by Improving the Science of Scale-Up. PLOS Biology, 14(3), e1002360.
Kyobutungi, C. et al. (2021). PLOS Global Public Health, charting a new path towards equity, diversity and inclusion in global health. PLOS Global Public Health, 1(10), e0000038.
KZ, A. et al. (2022). The effect of a large-scale water, sanitation and hygiene intervention in bangladesh on knowledge, behaviour and health: Findings from an endline programme evaluation. Tropical Medicine & International Health.
L, A. P. et al. (2015a). Strategies to increase the ownership and use of insecticide-treated bednets to prevent malaria. The Cochrane Database Of Systematic Reviews.
L, A. P. et al. (2015b). Strategies to increase the ownership and use of insecticide-treated bednets to prevent malaria. The Cochrane Database Of Systematic Reviews.
L, E. et al. (2015). Adapting ethical guidelines for adolescent health research to street-connected children and youth in low- and middle-income countries: A case study from western kenya. Bmc Medical Ethics.
L, M. et al. (2020). A qualitative study exploring stakeholder perspectives on the use of biological samples for future unspecified research in malawi. Bmc Medical Ethics.
L, S. et al. (2015a). Implementation of a stepped-wedge cluster randomized design in routine public health practice: Design and application for a tuberculosis (TB) household contact study in a high burden area of lima, peru. Bmc Public Health.
L, S. et al. (2015b). Implementation of a stepped-wedge cluster randomized design in routine public health practice: Design and application for a tuberculosis (TB) household contact study in a high burden area of lima, peru. Bmc Public Health.
L, S. et al. (2015c). Implementation of a stepped-wedge cluster randomized design in routine public health practice: Design and application for a tuberculosis (TB) household contact study in a high burden area of lima, peru. Bmc Public Health.
L, W. (2008). Data analysis in qualitative research: A brief guide to using nvivo. Malaysian Family Physician.
Lam, F. et al. (2019). A retrospective mixed-methods evaluation of a national ORS and zinc scale-up program in Uganda between 2011 and 2016. Journal of Global Health, 9(1), 010504.
Lappe, J., Watson, P., et al. (2017). Effect of vitamin d and calcium supplementation on cancer incidence in older women: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 317(12), 1234–1243.
Lappe, J., Garland, C., et al. (2017). Vitamin D Supplementation and Cancer Risk. JAMA, 318(3), 299–300.
Larsen, A. et al. (2021). Is there an optimal screening tool for identifying perinatal depression within clinical settings of sub-saharan africa? SSM-Mental Health, 1, 100015.
LD, I. et al. (2017). Retention of south african adolescents in a 54-month longitudinal HIV risk reduction trial. Prevention Science.
Leary, M. (2012). Introduction to behavioral research methods (6th ed.). Pearson.
LH, S. et al. (2022). The role of open science practices in scaling evidence-based prevention programs. Prevention Science.
LM, K. et al. (2022). Evaluating the implementation of the active life improving health behavior change program "BCP-VAMOS" in primary health care: Protocol of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial using the RE-AIM and CFIR frameworks. Frontiers In Public Health.
LN, C. et al. (2022). Capacity building in peer-review: A student-led journal report. Medical Science Educator.
LN, P. et al. (2023). Implementation challenges and lessons learned from the STREAM clinical trial-a survey of trial sites. Trials.
Loevinger, J. (1957). Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory. Psychological Reports, 3(3), 635–694.
LP, F. et al. (2016). Patient and stakeholder engagement in the PCORI pilot projects: Description and lessons learned. Journal Of General Internal Medicine.
LY, W. et al. (2025). Pilot implementation projects in low- and middle-income countries to guide surgical quality improvement using best practice recommendations. Frontiers In Health Services.
M, A. et al. (2019). A dynamic neural network model for predicting risk of zika in real time. Bmc Medicine.
M, A. et al. (2023a). What are effective vaccine distribution approaches for equity-deserving and high-risk populations during COVID-19? Exploring best practices and recommendations in canada: Protocol for a mixed-methods multiple case codesign study. Bmj Open.
M, B. et al. (2025). Comparative effectiveness of DHIS2 and FAIR data approaches for privacy-preserving health data analytics in uganda: A systematic review. Clinicoeconomics And Outcomes Research.
M, B.-V. et al. (2025). Current global practice and implications for future research on disseminating health research results to study participants: A systematic review. Plos Medicine.
M, C. et al. (2008). Demographic and health surveillance: Longitudinal ethical considerations. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization.
M, C. et al. (2018a). Cultural considerations for informed consent in paediatric research in low/middle-income countries: A scoping review. Bmj Paediatrics Open.
M, C. et al. (2025a). Geo-epidemiological risk stratification to select malaria interventions, case of mali. Plos Global Public Health.
M, G. et al. (2022a). An extensive data processing pipeline for MIMIC-IV. Proceedings Of Machine Learning Research.
M, G. et al. (2025b). What ethical challenges arise in global health programmes? A qualitative case study of global health programme leaders’ experiences. Bmj Open.
M, K. et al. (2018b). Feasibility study of a targeted self-management intervention for reducing stroke risk factors in a high-risk population in uganda. Journal Of The Neurological Sciences.
M, K. et al. (2022b). Malaria outbreak facilitated by engagement in activities near swamps following increased rainfall and limited preventive measures: Oyam district, uganda. Plos Global Public Health.
M, M. et al. (2015a). Scientific misconducts and authorship conflicts: Indian perspective. Indian Journal Of Anaesthesia.
M, M. et al. (2015b). Scientific misconducts and authorship conflicts: Indian perspective. Indian Journal Of Anaesthesia.
M, M. et al. (2018c). The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: Emerging strategies in prevention and management. Therapeutic Advances In Infectious Disease.
M, O. et al. (2022). Process evaluation of an implementation trial: Design, rationale, and early lessons learnt from an international cluster clinical trial in intracerebral hemorrhage. Frontiers In Medicine.
M, P. et al. (2021). Moving beyond a ’one-size-fits-all’ rationale in global mental health: Prospects of a precision psychology paradigm. Epidemiology And Psychiatric Sciences.
M, S. et al. (2020). Tear down the walls: Disseminating open access research for a global impact. International Journal Of Health Sciences.
M, S. et al. (2023b). Mexican biobank advances population and medical genomics of diverse ancestries. Nature.
M, S. et al. (2024). Pilot study to test the feasibility and clinical efficacy of a psychosocial care programme for patients with psychosis in low-resource settings. Asian Journal Of Psychiatry.
M, T. et al. (2022). Privacy of study participants in open-access health and demographic surveillance system data: Requirements analysis for data anonymization. Jmir Public Health And Surveillance.
M, V. et al. (2021). The yield of tuberculosis contact investigation in low- and middle-income settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmc Infectious Diseases.
MA, A. et al. (2023). A qualitative analysis of factors influencing the implementation of antiretroviral treatment adherence policy in ghana: Stakeholders perspective. Health Research Policy And Systems.
MA, L. et al. (2017). Single-case design, analysis, and quality assessment for intervention research. Journal Of Neurologic Physical Therapy.
MA, M. et al. (2017). A framework for the study of complex mHealth interventions in diverse cultural settings. Jmir Mhealth And Uhealth.
Macias Gil, R. et al. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Disparate health impact on the hispanic/latinx population in the united states. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 222(10), 1592–1595.
Matthay, E. C., & Glymour, M. M. (2020). A graphical catalog of threats to validity: Linking social science with epidemiology. Epidemiology, 31(3), 376.
Matthay, E. C., Hagan, E., et al. (2020). Alternative causal inference methods in population health research: Evaluating tradeoffs and triangulating evidence. SSM Population Health, 10, 100526.
MB, W. et al. (2023). Global implementation research capacity building to address cardiovascular disease: An assessment of efforts in eight countries. Plos Global Public Health.
MBA, Z. et al. (2024). Low-osmolarity oral rehydration solution for childhood diarrhoea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal Of Global Health.
MC, G.-D. et al. (2023). Social media and the influence of fake news on global health interventions: Implications for a study on dengue in brazil. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health.
MC, S. et al. (2024). Methodologic and data-analysis triangulation in case studies: A scoping review. Western Journal Of Nursing Research.
McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course with Examples in R and Stan. CRC Press.
McGraw, K. O. et al. (1996). Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 30.
McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 412.
McNeish, D. et al. (2020). Thinking twice about sum scores. Behavior Research Methods, 52, 2287–2305.
MCS, I. et al. (2023). Reversing the trend: A scoping review of health innovation transfer or exchange from low- and middle-income countries to high-income countries. Bmj Global Health.
ME, H. et al. (2025). Study design and procedures for a hybrid effectiveness-implementation incomplete stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial to evaluate a differentiated point-of-care HIV diagnosis and management model for the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV in malawi: The PAC-man trial protocol. Implementation Science Communications.
Meehl, P. E. (1967). Theory-testing in psychology and physics: A methodological paradox. Philosophy of Science, 34(2), 103–115.
Meehl, P. E. (1990). Why summaries of research on psychological theories are often uninterpretable. Psychological Reports, 66(1), 195–244.
Merson, M. H. et al. (2018). Global health: Diseases, programs, systems, and policies (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
MG, T. et al. (2016). The epidemic of zika virus-related microcephaly in brazil: Detection, control, etiology, and future scenarios. American Journal Of Public Health.
Micah, A. E. et al. (2021). Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: A review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050. The Lancet, 398(10308), 1317–1343.
Ministry of Health and Population et al. (2011). Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Ministry of Health; Populationh.
MK, C. et al. (2004). CONSORT statement: Extension to cluster randomised trials. Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.).
MK, R. et al. (2006). CRTs–cluster randomized trials or "courting real troubles": Challenges of running a CRT in rural gujarat, india. Canadian Journal Of Public Health = Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique.
MK, R. et al. (2020). Investigating the effects of comprehensive smoke-free legislation on neonatal and infant mortality in thailand using the synthetic control method. Eclinicalmedicine.
ML, C. et al. (2025). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding malaria in rural uganda: A cross-sectional study. Malariaworld Journal.
MM, A. (2021). Confounding in observational studies evaluating the safety and effectiveness of medical treatments. Kidney360.
MM, M. et al. (2020). Implementation science in global health settings: Collaborating with governmental & community partners in uganda. Psychiatry Research.
MM, R. (2020). Exploration of community health workers’ views about in their role and support in primary health care in northern cape, south africa. Journal Of Community Health.
MN, I. et al. (2020). Investigating usability of mobile health applications in bangladesh. Bmc Medical Informatics And Decision Making.
Morris, Z. S. et al. (2011). The answer is 17 years, what is the question: Understanding time lags in translational research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 104(12), 510–520.
MP, F. et al. (2015). Retention of adult patients on antiretroviral therapy in low- and middle-income countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis 2008-2013. Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999).
MP, N. et al. (2021). A longitudinal study of the epidemiology of seasonal coronaviruses in an african birth cohort. Journal Of The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society.
MS, C. et al. (2012). HIV treatment as prevention and HPTN 052. Current Opinion In Hiv And Aids.
MS, E. (2025). Breaking the silence: Barriers to maternal healthcare utilisation among women in south-south nigeria. Frontiers In Global Women’S Health.
MT, G. et al. (2021). Reflexivity and humility evoke a transformable methodology in a post disaster context. Health Psychology And Behavioral Medicine.
MU, A. et al. (2018). Cholera prevention and control in asian countries. Bmc Proceedings.
N, A. et al. (2020). Understanding the importance of non-material factors in retaining community health workers in low-income settings: A qualitative case-study in ethiopia. Bmj Open.
N, A. et al. (2025). Smartphones and mental health awareness and utilization in a low-income urban community: Focus group study. Jmir Formative Research.
N, C. et al. (2022). Comparing two data collection methods to track vital events in maternal and child health via community health workers in rural nepal. Population Health Metrics.
N, E. et al. (2023). What constitutes equitable data sharing in global health research? A scoping review of the literature on low-income and middle-income country stakeholders’ perspectives. Bmj Global Health.
N, J. et al. (2022). Increasing health insurance enrollment in low- and middle-income countries: What works, what does not, and research gaps: A scoping review. Inquiry.
N, N. et al. (2024). The causal roadmap and simulations to improve the rigor and reproducibility of real-data applications. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.).
N, S. et al. (2021). A guide to systems-level, participatory, theory-informed implementation research in global health. Bmj Global Health.
N, T. et al. (2019). How to use relevant data for maximal benefit with minimal risk: Digital health data governance to protect vulnerable populations in low-income and middle-income countries. Bmj Global Health.
N, W. et al. (2024). Data sharing and reuse in clinical research: Are we there yet? A cross-sectional study on progress, challenges and opportunities in LMICs. Plos Global Public Health.
N, Y. et al. (2023). The impact of knowledge brokering in health sector and the challenges: A review of literature. Journal Of Public Health Research.
NA, K. et al. (2025). Acceptability of a community health worker-led health literacy intervention on lifestyle modification among hypertensive and diabetes patients in the city of harare, zimbabwe. Plos Global Public Health.
Nafilyan, V. et al. (2021). Occupation and COVID-19 mortality in England: A national linked data study of 14.3 million adults. medRxiv.
NC, W. et al. (2009). Explaining adherence success in sub-saharan africa: An ethnographic study. Plos Medicine.
NK, K. et al. (2021). The role of document analysis in health policy analysis studies in low and middle-income countries: Lessons for HPA researchers from a qualitative systematic review. Health Policy Open.
NR, S. et al. (2018). Agent-based models of malaria transmission: A systematic review. Malaria Journal.
NTH, M. et al. (2018). A randomised double blind placebo controlled phase 2 trial of adjunctive aspirin for tuberculous meningitis in HIV-uninfected adults. Elife.
NV, L. et al. (2024a). Ethical challenges in global research on health system responses to violence against women: A qualitative study of policy and professional perspectives. Bmc Medical Ethics.
NV, L. et al. (2024b). Ethical challenges in global research on health system responses to violence against women: A qualitative study of policy and professional perspectives. Bmc Medical Ethics.
O, M. et al. (2019). Divergent estimates of HIV incidence among people who inject drugs in ukraine. The International Journal On Drug Policy.
Olken, B. A. (2005). Monitoring corruption: Evidence from a field experiment in indonesia. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Our World in Data. (2023a). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Deaths.
Our World in Data. (2023b). Excess mortality during the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19).
P, H. et al. (2024). A scoping review of the implementation and cultural adaptation of school-based mental health promotion and prevention interventions in low-and middle-income countries. Global Mental Health (Cambridge, England).
P, K. et al. (2024). Health research evidence: Its current usage in health planning, determinants and readiness to use knowledge translation tools among health planning teams in tanzania-an exploratory mixed-methods study protocol. Bmj Open.
P, K. et al. (2025). Exploratory mixed-methods analysis of the determinants of use of health research evidence among planning teams in tanzania. Bmj Open.
P, M. et al. (2022). A community health worker delivered intervention to address hypertension among adults engaged in HIV care in northern tanzania: Outcomes from a pilot feasibility study. Journal Of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.).
P, N. et al. (2017). The south african tuberculosis care cascade: Estimated losses and methodological challenges. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases.
P, N. et al. (2022). Reporting of and explanations for under-recruitment and over-recruitment in pragmatic trials: A secondary analysis of a database of primary trial reports published from 2014 to 2019. Bmj Open.
P, N. et al. (2025). Tempering implementation optimism: Distinguishing between efficacy and effectiveness in implementation research. Implementation Science Communications.
P, S. et al. (2024). A qualitative study on the adaptation of community programmes for the promotion of early detection and health-seeking of perinatal depression in nepal. Bmc Women’S Health.
PA, N. et al. (2025). Factors influencing the rollout and uptake of COVID-19 rapid diagnostic testing: Qualitative insights from six african nations. Frontiers In Public Health.
Pai, M. (n.d.). Decolonizing Global Health: A Moment To Reflect On A Movement. In Forbes.
Pare Toe, L. et al. (2022a). A multi-disciplinary approach for building a common understanding of genetic engineering for malaria control in burkina faso. Humanities And Social Sciences Communications.
Pare Toe, L. et al. (2022b). A multi-disciplinary approach for building a common understanding of genetic engineering for malaria control in burkina faso. Humanities And Social Sciences Communications.
Patel, V. et al. (2008). Detecting common mental disorders in primary care in india: A comparison of five screening questionnaires. Psychological Medicine, 38(2), 221–228.
Patel, V. et al. (2014). The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of lay counsellor-delivered psychological treatments for harmful and dependent drinking and moderate to severe depression in primary care in India: PREMIUM study protocol for randomized controlled trials. Trials, 15, 101.
Patel, V. et al. (2017). The healthy activity program (HAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for severe depression, in primary care in india: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet.
Pearl, J. (1995). Causal diagrams for empirical research. Biometrika, 82(4), 669–688.
Pearl, J. et al. (2018). The book of why: The new science of cause and effect (1st ed.). Basic Books, Inc.
Pinxteren M, van et al. (2023). Using qualitative study designs to understand treatment burden and capacity for self-care among patients with HIV/NCD multimorbidity in south africa: A methods paper. Journal Of Multimorbidity And Comorbidity.
PJC, C. et al. (2019). Evidence that nonsignificant results are sometimes preferred: Reverse p-hacking or selective reporting? Plos Biology.
PK, M. et al. (2024). Mental health care support in rural india: A cluster randomized clinical trial. Jama Psychiatry.
Policy Cures Research. (n.d.). G-FINDER data portal.
Pradhan, E. et al. (2019). Integrating postpartum contraceptive counseling and IUD insertion services into maternity care in nepal: Results from stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial. Reproductive Health, 16(1), 69.
Puffer, E. S. et al. (2013). Developing a family-based HIV prevention intervention in rural kenya: Challenges in conducting community-based participatory research. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 8(2), 119–128.
Puffer, E. S. et al. (2021). Development of the family togetherness scale: A mixed-methods validation study in kenya. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 662991.
R, F. et al. (2025). Examining the challenges encountered by community health workers and empowering them to address mental health disorders: A qualitative study in indonesia. International Journal Of Nursing Sciences.
R, F.-M. et al. (2025). Case study guided development of an implementation science framework and checklist for campus sexual violence intervention. Bmc Global And Public Health.
R, G.-G. et al. (2024). The greatest dengue epidemic in brazil: Surveillance, prevention, and control. Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical.
R, I. et al. (2025). Stronger together: Advancing equity in global health research partnerships. Bmj Global Health.
R, K. et al. (2014). How to assess the external validity and model validity of therapeutic trials: A conceptual approach to systematic review methodology. Evidence-Based Complementary And Alternative Medicine.
R, M., M, A., et al. (2024). Clinicians’ experiences of obtaining informed consent for research and treatment: A nested qualitative study from pakistan. Bmc Medical Ethics.
R, M., B, K., et al. (2024). Educational intervention to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake in rural patients with chronic diseases: Lessons learned from an innovative academic-community partnership. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health.
R, P.-C. et al. (2021). Strengthening a culture of prevention in low- and middle-income countries: Balancing scientific expectations and contextual realities. Prevention Science.
R, T. et al. (2024). A cluster randomized trial assessing the effect of a digital health algorithm on quality of care in tanzania (DYNAMIC study). Plos Digital Health.
RB, K. et al. (2025). A scoping review of knowledge translation in strengthening health policy and practice: Sources, platforms, tools, opportunities, and challenges. Archives Of Public Health = Archives Belges De Sante Publique.
RE, G. et al. (2013). Use of RE-AIM to address health inequities: Application in a low-income community health center based weight loss and hypertension self-management program. Translational Behavioral Medicine.
Revelle, W. (2023). Using R and the psych package to find ω.
RJ, B. et al. (2025). Practical routes to preregistration: A guide to enhanced transparency and rigour in neuropsychological research. Brain Communications.
RK, B. et al. (2024). Vaccination governance in protracted conflict settings: The case of northwest syria. Bmc Health Services Research.
RL, K. (2012). US IRBs confronting research in the developing world. Developing World Bioethics.
Rohrer, J. M. (2018). Thinking clearly about correlations and causation: Graphical causal models for observational data. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(1), 27–42.
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36.
Rossi, P. H. et al. (2003). Evaluation: A systematic approach. Sage Publications.
Rothschild, C. W. et al. (2020). A risk scoring tool for predicting Kenyan women at high risk of contraceptive discontinuation. Contraception, 2, 100045.
Røttingen, J.-A. et al. (2013). Mapping of available health research and development data: What’s there, what’s missing, and what role is there for a global observatory? Lancet (London, England), 382(9900), 1286–1307.
Roundtable, I. of M. (US). C. R. et al. (2002). Definitions of Clinical Research and Components of the Enterprise. National Academies Press (US).
Rubin, D. B. (1974). Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66(5), 688.
Rutstein, S. O. et al. (2004). The DHS wealth index (DHS Comparative Reports No. 6). ORC Macro.
S, A. et al. (2024). Implementation strategies for providing optimised tuberculosis and diabetes integrated care in LMICs (POTENTIAL): Protocol for a multiphase sequential and concurrent mixed-methods study. Bmj Open.
S, A.-G. et al. (2015). The training and fieldwork experiences of community health workers conducting population-based, noninvasive screening for CVD in LMIC. Global Heart.
S, C. et al. (2023). Making research ethics work for global health: Towards a more agile and collaborative approach. Bmj Global Health.
S, D. et al. (2011a). Seeking ethical approval for an international study in primary care patient safety. The British Journal Of General Practice.
S, D. et al. (2012). Behavioral priming: It’s all in the mind, but whose mind? Plos One.
S, F. et al. (2019). Assessing the performance of real-time epidemic forecasts: A case study of ebola in the western area region of sierra leone, 2014-15. Plos Computational Biology.
S, K. et al. (2024). Enhanced or hindered research benefits? A realist review of community engagement and participatory research practices for non-communicable disease prevention in low- and middle-income countries. Bmj Global Health.
S, L.-E. et al. (2020). Diabetes is associated with a higher risk of mortality among women in a middle-income country: Results form the mexican teacher’s cohort study. Diabetes & Metabolism.
S, M. et al. (2024). "Research ends with publication": A qualitative study on the use of health policy and systems research in ethiopia. Health Research Policy And Systems.
S, P. et al. (2023). A prospective, multi-site, cohort study to estimate incidence of infection and disease due to lassa fever virus in west african countries (the enable lassa research programme)-study protocol. Plos One.
S, R. et al. (2024). Saturation in qualitative research: An evolutionary concept analysis. International Journal Of Nursing Studies Advances.
S, S. et al. (2011b). Effects of air pollution on the respiratory health of children: A study in the capital city of india. Air Quality, Atmosphere, & Health.
S, S. (2014). The pits and falls of graphical presentation. Biochemia Medica.
S, S. et al. (2021). Publication ethics: Role and responsibility of authors. Indian Journal Of Gastroenterology.
S, S. et al. (2023). Research from low-income and middle-income countries will benefit global health and the physiotherapy profession, but it requires support. The Journal Of Manual & Manipulative Therapy.
S, S. et al. (2025). Evaluating community-based digital health interventions to improve COVID-19 outcomes in rural indonesia: A quasi-experimental study. Bmj Health & Care Informatics.
S, W. et al. (2022). Not all pre-registrations are equal. Neuropsychopharmacology.
S, Y. et al. (2024). Barriers to recruitment and retention among underrepresented populations in cancer clinical trials: A qualitative study of the perspectives of clinical trial research coordinating staff at a cancer center. Journal Of Healthcare Leadership.
SA, E. et al. (2020). Predatory journals: What they are and how to avoid them. Toxicologic Pathology.
Satcher Health Leadership Institute. (2021). Health Equity Tracker.
SC, M. et al. (2021). Stakeholder engagement in the health policy process in a low income country: A qualitative study of stakeholder perceptions of the challenges to effective inclusion in malawi. Bmc Health Services Research.
SD, L. (2015). Advances in diagnostic assays for tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives In Medicine.
SD, S. et al. (2009). Cost effectiveness in low- and middle-income countries: A review of the debates surrounding decision rules. Pharmacoeconomics.
SH, B. et al. (2020). Reducing bias and improving transparency in medical research: A critical overview of the problems, progress and suggested next steps. Journal Of The Royal Society Of Medicine.
SH, N. et al. (2022). Traditional medicine beliefs and practices among caregivers of children under five years-the child health and mortality prevention surveillance (CHAMPS), western kenya: A qualitative study. Plos One.
SH, Q. et al. (2020). Using gridded population and quadtree sampling units to support survey sample design in low-income settings. International Journal Of Health Geographics.
Shadish, W. R. et al. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Cengage Learning.
Shmueli, G. (2010). To explain or to predict? Statistical Science, 25(3), 289–310.
SI, W. et al. (2025). Grand rounds in methodology: Improving the design of staggered implementation cluster randomised trials. Bmj Quality & Safety.
Singla, D. R. et al. (2014). Improving the scalability of psychological treatments in developing countries: An evaluation of peer-led therapy quality assessment in goa, india. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 60, 53–59.
Sirleaf, E. J. et al. (2021). Achieving vaccination justice: A call for global cooperation. PLOS Global Public Health, 1(10), 1–3.
SJ, R. et al. (2012). Failing the future: Three unsuccessful attempts to replicate bem’s ’retroactive facilitation of recall’ effect. Plos One.
SK, S. et al. (2023). Performance of screening tools for cervical neoplasia among women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos Global Public Health.
Skolnik, R. (2019). Global health 101, fourth edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
SN, D. et al. (2015). A randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating safety and immunogenicity of the killed, bivalent, whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in ethiopia. The American Journal Of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene.
SP, B. et al. (2019). A mixed-methods quasi-experimental evaluation of a mobile health application and quality of care in the integrated community case management program in malawi. Journal Of Global Health.
SR, B. et al. (2017). Poor access for african researchers to african emergency care publications: A cross-sectional study. The Western Journal Of Emergency Medicine.
SR, F. et al. (2017a). Health research capacity development in low and middle income countries: Reality or rhetoric? A systematic meta-narrative review of the qualitative literature. Bmj Open.
SR, F. et al. (2017b). Health research capacity development in low and middle income countries: Reality or rhetoric? A systematic meta-narrative review of the qualitative literature. Bmj Open.
SR, F. et al. (2017c). Health research capacity development in low and middle income countries: Reality or rhetoric? A systematic meta-narrative review of the qualitative literature. Bmj Open.
Sridhar, D. (2012). Who Sets the Global Health Research Agenda? The Challenge of Multi-Bi Financing. PLOS Medicine, 9(9), e1001312.
SRP, F. et al. (2017). Strategies for developing sustainable health research capacity in low and middle-income countries: A prospective, qualitative study investigating the barriers and enablers to locally led clinical trial conduct in ethiopia, cameroon and sri lanka. Bmj Open.
Stroebe, W. (2019). What can we learn from many labs replications? Basic And Applied Social Psychology.
T, D. et al. (2017a). Integrating mental health care into primary care systems in low- and middle-income countries: Lessons from PRIME and AFFIRM. Global Mental Health (Cambridge, England).
T, D. et al. (2025a). Bridging the data divide: Challenges and opportunities for trauma registries in conflict-affected MENA countries: A qualitative analysis of key informant interviews. Conflict And Health.
T, J. et al. (2017b). Risk of microcephaly after zika virus infection in brazil, 2015 to 2016. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization.
T, J. et al. (2025b). Stakeholder engagement champions: A locally-driven model for building impactful and sustainable relationships in global health research. Journal Of Global Health.
T, K. et al. (2023). Evaluation of ethiopia’s field epidemiology training program - frontline: Perspectives of implementing partners. Bmc Health Services Research.
T, M. et al. (2024). Anti-stigma interventions in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Eclinicalmedicine.
T, Z. M. et al. (2024). Healthcare providers’ and frontline workers’ experiences of an ebola vaccine trial in the boende health district of the democratic republic of the congo. The American Journal Of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene.
TA, T. et al. (2025). The experience and needs of informal caregivers of people with dementia in rural vietnam: A qualitative study. Annals Of Medicine.
TA, Z. et al. (2024). Unveiling the role of DHIS2 in enhancing data quality and accessibility in primary healthcare facilities: Evidence from ethiopia. Plos One.
TB, D. et al. (2025). A realist-informed evaluation of a rapid response system for mental state deterioration in acute hospitals: Testing program theories through interviews. International Journal Of Mental Health Nursing.
TF, M. et al. (2023). Effect of a hospital command centre on patient safety: An interrupted time series study. Bmj Health & Care Informatics.
TG, J. et al. (2019). Assessing the impact of law enforcement to reduce over-the-counter (OTC) sales of antibiotics in low- and middle-income countries; a systematic literature review. Bmc Health Services Research.
TK, M. et al. (2024). Stakeholders’ experiences of ethical challenges in cluster randomized trials in a limited resource setting: A qualitative analysis. Research Ethics.
Toomey, E. et al. (2025). Adoption of the transparency and openness promotion (TOP) guidelines within health psychology and behavioural medicine journal policies: A cross-sectional study. Health Psychology Review.
TW, M. et al. (2024). Evaluation of treatment outcomes among individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy in KwaZulu-natal, south africa. Aids Research And Treatment.
U, N. et al. (2025). The sustainability of health interventions implemented in africa: An updated systematic review on evidence and future research perspectives. Implementation Science Communications.
UNDP. (n.d.). Human Development Index.
United Nations. (2023). SDG indicators.
V, L. et al. (2023). Understanding meta-ethnography in health professions education research. Journal Of Graduate Medical Education.
V, V. et al. (2020). Informed consent for controlled human infection studies in low- and middle-income countries: Ethical challenges and proposed solutions. Bioethics.
V, W. et al. (2022). GeneXpert rollout in three high-burden tuberculosis countries in africa: A review of pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis and outcomes from 2001 to 2019. African Journal Of Laboratory Medicine.
VH, M. et al. (2023). Participatory action research to co-design a culturally appropriate COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement strategy in rural pakistan. Frontiers In Public Health.
VT, N. et al. (2021). Examining data visualization pitfalls in scientific publications. Visual Computing For Industry, Biomedicine, And Art.
W, B. et al. (2020). A systematic literature review of the ethics of conducting research in the humanitarian setting. Conflict And Health.
W, T. et al. (2025). Opportunities and challenges of integrating digital health into medical education curricula: A scoping review. Research Square.
Wasserstein, R. L. et al. (2016). The ASA Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose. The American Statistician, 70(2), 129–133.
Weber, M. B. et al. (2023). Global implementation research capacity building to address cardiovascular disease: An assessment of efforts in eight countries. Plos Global Public Health.
West, S. G. et al. (2010). Campbell’s and rubin’s perspectives on causal inference. Psychological Methods, 15(1), 18.
Westreich, D. et al. (2013). The table 2 fallacy: Presenting and interpreting confounder and modifier coefficients. American Journal of Epidemiology, 177(4), 292–298.
Westreich, D. (2019). Epidemiology by Design: A Causal Approach to the Health Sciences. Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
Whittaker, C. et al. (2021). Under-reporting of deaths limits our understanding of true burden of covid-19. BMJ, 375.
WHO. (n.d.). Investments on grants for biomedical research by funder, type of grant, health category and recipient.
WHO. (2013). Social determinants of health: Key concepts.
WHO. (2018). Global reference list of 100 core health indicators. World Health Organization.
WHO. (2020). Clinical trials.
WHO. (2021). Health Equity.
Wilkinson, M. D. et al. (2016). The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data.
William Revelle. (2023). Psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. Northwestern University.
WL, T. et al. (2024). Pilot randomized controlled trial of lymfit: A theory-guided exercise intervention for young adults with lymphoma. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland).
Wong, C. H. et al. (2019). Estimation of clinical trial success rates and related parameters. Biostatistics, 20(2), 273–286.
Woolf, S. H. (2008). The Meaning of Translational Research and Why It Matters. JAMA, 299(2), 211–213.
World Health Organization. Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births).
World Health Organization. (2021). WHO civil registration and vital statistics strategic implementation plan 2021-2025.
Wu, W.-J. et al. (2020). Community-based postpartum contraceptive counselling in rural nepal: A mixed-methods evaluation. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 28(2), 1765646.
Wynants, L. et al. (2020). Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-19: Systematic review and critical appraisal. BMJ, 369, m1328.
X, X. et al. (2014). Failure to replicate depletion of self-control. Plos One.
Y, J. et al. (2025). Rural, urban and suburban differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in individuals aged ≥50 years in northwest china. Frontiers In Public Health.
Y, M. et al. (2025). Designing qualitative research with value in the clinical and epidemiological context: What, why and how. Clinical Kidney Journal.
Y, S. et al. (2024). Adherence to and predictors of iron-folate acid supplementation among pregnant women in a pastoral population in ghana: A community-based cross-sectional study. Reproductive Health.
Y, S. (2025). Ethical challenges in sensitive research: A reflective narrative on managing the clinician-researcher dual role. Bmc Palliative Care.
Y, Y. (2018). How to crack pre-registration: Toward transparent and open science. Frontiers In Psychology.
Yamey, G. (2011). Scaling up global health interventions: A proposed framework for success. Plos Medicine.
Yang, J. et al. (2024). Generalizability assessment of AI models across hospitals in a low-middle and high income country. Nature Communications.
Z, A. et al. (2018). A group-based lifestyle intervention for diabetes prevention in low- and middle-income country: Implementation evaluation of the kerala diabetes prevention program. Implementation Science.
Z, L. et al. (2025). Machine learning and public health policy evaluation: Research dynamics and prospects for challenges. Frontiers In Public Health.
ZA, D. et al. (2024). Challenges in clinical research in low and middle income countries: Early career cardiologists’ perspective. Global Heart.
Ziyatdinov, A. et al. (2023). Genotyping, sequencing and analysis of 140,000 adults from mexico city. Nature.